HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

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What are Haloalkanes and Haloarenes?  

Haloalkanes and haloarenes are the hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms. The primary difference between haloalkanes and haloarenes is that haloalkanes are derived from open-chain hydrocarbons (alkanes) whereas haloarenes are derived from aromatic hydrocarbons.

Related Topics

• Nomenclature Of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Nature of C-X bond
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond
• Physical and Chemical properties of Haloalkanes
• SN1 and SN2 Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes
• Optical Rotation
• Polyhalogen Compounds

Overview of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes are commonly referred to as alkyl halides whereas haloarenes are commonly referred to as aryl halides. These compounds can contain multiple halogen atoms, as illustrated below.

Generally, the halogens are attached to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms in these compounds. The presence of halogens makes haloalkanes and haloarenes more chemically reactive than the parent alkanes and aromatic compounds. These compounds have many medicinal uses as well.

Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Alkyl halides and aryl halides can be classified based on the following parameters:

1. Number of halogen atoms in the molecule
2. sp3 hybridized carbon-halogen bond.
3. sp2 hybridized carbon-halogen bond.

The classification of haloalkanes and haloarenes is described in the tabular column provided below.

Classification based on the number of halogen atoms.
Monohaloalkanes and Monohaloarenes	Dihaloalkanes and Dihaloarene	Trihaloalkanes and Trihaloarenes

Thus, the different ways in which haloalkanes and haloarenes are classified are discussed with the help of a tabular column. Click here to learn about the nomenclature of haloalkanes as per IUPAC guidelines.

Uses of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Some important applications of these compounds are listed below.

• These organic compounds can dissolve non-polar compounds and are therefore used as solvents.
• Many derivatives of alkyl and aryl halides are used in medicine. One such example is the compound chloramphenicol, which is used to treat cases of typhoid.
• Another example is chloroquine, which is very useful in the treatment of malaria.
• Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (commonly referred to as DDT) is used as an insecticide.

Some haloalkanes and haloarenes have adverse effects on the environment and are labelled as pollutants. One such example is chlorofluorocarbons (or CFCs), which lead to the depletion of the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the harmful radiation coming from the sun. To learn more about these compounds, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone.

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Classification based on the number of halogen atoms.Monohaloalkanes and MonohaloarenesContain 1 halogen atomDihaloalkanes and Dihaloarenes2 halogen atoms are attachedTrihaloalkanes and TrihaloarenesContain 3 halogen atomsHaloalkanes and haloarenes in which the halogen is attached to an sp3hybridized carbon.Alkyl HalideHalogen is attached to an alkyl chain.Allylic HalideThe halogen atom is attached to an sp3hybridized carbon which is adjacent to C=C (double bond or sp2hybridized carbon)Benzylic HalideThe halogen is attached to an sp3hybridized carbon which is attached to a benzene ring.Compounds in which the halogen is attached to a sp2hybridized carbonVinyl HalideThe halogen atom is attached to C=C (sp2hybridized carbon).Aryl HalideThe halogen is attached to a sp2hybridized carbon which belongs to an aromatic ring.